How a passive RFID credential works
The reader radiates an electromagnetic field. When a credential enters that field, the coil inside harvests just enough energy to wake the chip — no battery is involved. The chip then modulates the field to send its data back: on legacy 125 kHz formats that is a fixed serial number, while 13.56 MHz smartcards can exchange far more data and run a challenge-response authentication first. The controller compares what it receives against its authorised-user database and decides whether to release the door.